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Clauses

Clauses

Indicative Adjectival Clauses

A relative clause is used to directly limit or define a noun, performing a pure adjectival function.

Causal Clauses

The relative clause may denote grounds for the assertion in the main clause.

Concessive Clauses

A relative clause may imply the idea of concession.

Simple Condition

The relative clause may supply the protasis of a simple condition.

Purpose Clauses

The relative clause may express purpose.

Subjunctive

More Probable Condition
The protasis of a more probable future condition may be expressed by the use of the relative pronoun with ἄν.

Voluntative Result
A relative clause may express a result that the context shows was intended or contemplated.

Causal Clauses

Coordinate Causal Clause
The inferential particle γάρ is the regular connective for two coordinate clauses that bear to each other some relation of cause and effect, or reason and conclusion.

Subordinate Causal Clauses
By a Subordinating Conjunction
The Particles used: ὃτι, διότι, καθότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὃθεν
The Phrases used: ἐφ᾽ ὦ, έφ᾽ ὃσον, ἀνθ᾽ ὦν, οὖ χάριν
By διἀ with the Articular Infinitive
By the Participle
By the relative pronoun

Comparative Clauses

The Particles Used

Those used most are ὡς and καθώς
Compounds of κατά
Compounds of ὡς
The Correlative pronoun ὅσος
The Comparative Particle ἤ
The use of the phrase ὄν τρόπον

Local Clauses The Particles Used

By ὄπου
By ου
By ὂθεν

Temporal Clauses

With the Indicative

Introduced by ὂτε, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὦς, meaning When.
Introduced by ὂταν, meaning Whenever.
Introduced by ἔως, ἔως οὖ, ἔως ὅτου, ἄχρι οὖ, ἐφ᾽ ὄσον, meaning While.
Introduced by ἔως, ἄχρι, ἄχρι οὖ, meaning Until.
Introduced by ἔως, ἀφ᾽ οὖ, […]

Clauses2023-12-11T12:14:40-08:00

Optative Mood

The Optative Mood

The mood of strong contingency or possibility. It expresses no definite anticipation of realization, rather, it only presents the action as conceivable.

The Volitive Optative (Wishes)

This use denotes a wish. It is the ordinary verbal form for expressing wishes and is the most common use of the optative.

The Potential Optative (Futuristic)

This use signifies what would happen on the fulfillment of some supposed condition. It is used in a clause which implies condition. The particle ἄν usually occurs with this use. It simply states that a thing could, or might be possible.

The Deliberative Optative

The Optative is used a few times in the New Testament to express indirect questions. This use involves ἔιν (third person singular of the Present of εἰμίv). Normally an indirect question is expressed by the Indicative; however, the Optative gives the question a more tentative and cautious tone.

The Conditional Optative

This use, using ἄν or εί, is related to the potential Optative. The condition of the Optative is part of the fourth-class conditional sentence. Either the είv in the protasis with the Optative or the ἄν in the apodosis with the Optative will be found, but not both at the same time.

The Optative in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech

 

The Optative is used in clauses introduced by πρίν ἥ.

Optative Mood = Not Likely (Wishful)

Present

Future

1st Aorist

2nd Aorist

1st Perfect

2nd Perfect

Future Perfect

© 2017 Luther Walker | All Rights Reserved | This book or any potion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations […]

Optative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:26-08:00

Future Tense

The Future Tense Verb

The Kind of Action of the Future Tense:

Primarily punctiliar, though linear in some contexts. Often used with the Indicative to indicate future time.

The Predicative  Future 

This use denotes an event that is expected to take place in the future. This is the most common use of the tense.

The Progressive Future 

This use conveys action as going on in the future. The emphasis is simply on the action in progress in the future. The writer thought of it as continuing, not that it was going to be continued.

The
Imperatival  Future

This use is practically an imperative in sense, for it involves the will, either of the speaker or of the subject. Since the imperative naturally relates to the future, it is not an unnatural usage.

The Deliberative Future 

This use denotes the future by expressing a rhetorical question, i.e. one which does not really expect an answer. These questions require deliberation concerning the possibility, or the desirability, or the necessity of a proposed course of activity. It occurs frequently in quotations from the Septuagint.

The Gnomic Future 

This use refers to a general or timeless truth, which is valid for all times. This action is to be expected under certain circumstances. It is used infrequently in the New Testament.

The Periphrastic Future 

This use emphasizes the continuance of an action. It is used to express an action which one intends to do, or of that which is certain or destined to take place. It is similar to the “Progressive Future,” with the thought of continuance or customariness emphasized. It is formed by the future tense of εἰμί with the […]

Future Tense2023-12-11T12:21:15-08:00

Aorist Tense

The Aorist Tense Verb

The Kind of Action of the Aorist Tense:

The Aorist tense expresses punctiliar action. It states the deed is occurring without indicating continued action. The time element is basically non-existence within the tense, except for in the Indicative mode, and therefore relies upon the context.

The Constative Aorist

The action is seen as a single whole, without any emphasis on its progress. It may last but a moment, or it may last for a long time. It may have been one act, or it may have been a series of acts. The action is gathered together and presented as a point. The writer sees the whole action in a glance. This use occurs frequently in the New Testament.

The Ingressive  Aorist

The action is denoted as having occurred, but the emphasis is placed on the beginning of the action, emphasizing the entrance into a state or a condition.

The Culminative  Aorist

(Also may be known as the Consummative Aorist or the Effective Aorist)

This use conveys the results of an event, viewing it in its entirety. The event has occurred, but the emphasis is placed on the end of the action or on the state resulting from the action. It is often used with verbs which signify effort or process.

The Aorist of Historical Narrative

This use denotes past events in narration. It answers the question “what happened next?” This is the normal tense for narratives, unless there was a reason to use some other tense. It occurs frequently in the Gospels and Acts.

The Gnomic Aorist

This use denotes a generally accepted fact or truth which is so fixed in its certainty or axiomatic character that it is […]

Aorist Tense2023-12-11T12:20:51-08:00
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